The convict was hung upside down or head down. The cruelty of the executioners took various forms, and the torment could last from several hours to even several days. Then the whole gave the tool the best-known form, i.e. The convict who was nailed to the beam was pulled and attached to a vertical pole. It happened that after the execution, the nails were collected by onlookers and carried with them as healing amulets. For this purpose, iron, tapered nails from 13 to 18 cm long were used. Then the victim was tied or nailed to the beams. The vertical beam ( stipes) was already firmly embedded in the ground at the place of execution. According to Roman source literature, sentenced to crucifixion, he never carried the entire cross, contrary to customary faith, and unlike many modern recreations of Jesus’ path to Golgotha. Then the convict had to carry a horizontal beam ( patibulum) to the place of execution. Sometimes, before hanging, the victim was heavily scourged, which resulted in significant blood loss and the victim’s state of shock and dementia. In addition, the Romans often broke their legs to speed up death and prohibit their burial. Joseph Flavius mentions that high-class Jews used to be crucified only to take away their status. Roman law used this torture not only to kill but also to dishonour and emphasize the low status of the convict.
Mass crucifixions also took place during the civil wars in the second and first centuries BCE and after the capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE, Josephus mentions that the Romans crossed the defenders along the walls. Beware of Marcus Crassus ordered the crucifixion of 6,000 insurgents along the Appian road leading from Capua to Rome. The most famous crucifixion took place after the suppression of the Spartacus revolt in 71 BCE. Plautus and Plutarch’s works are some Roman sources talking about criminals carrying their own patibulum. However, Seneca the Younger had already used the phrase infelix lignum (“unfortunate wood”) for the horizontal beam ( patibulum) of the cross. Tertullian mentions in “Apologia” from the first century CE when the trees were used for crucifixion. Moreover, this punishment was not intended to kill the convict or even more to sacrifice him to the deities of the underworld. Oldfather, which indicates that this form of execution involved suspending a suspect from a tree.
hanging arbor infelix (“ominous tree”), dedicated to the gods of the underworld, is rejected by William A.
The hypothesis that the custom of crucifixion in Rome developed from the primitive practise of arbori suspendere, i.e. It was an unusually long and painful death. The convict was then tied or nailed to a large wooden cross and left there until his death. Only a low-level citizen ( humiliores) could be sentenced to such death – in the event of a serious crime, e.g.
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